How is Chern number calculated?

How is Chern number calculated?

Firstly, we solve the Hermitian generalized eigenvalue equation reformulated from the Maxwell’s equations by using the full-wave finite-difference frequency- domain (FDFD) method. Then the Chern number is obtained by calculating the integral of Berry curvature over the first Brillouin zone.

Why is the Chern number an integer?

The integrals of the Chern-classes associated with a complex vector bundle over any manifold M are guaranteed to be integers because they give the winding numbers of the map from the manifold M into a subset of the Schubert cycles in the complex Grassmanian Gr(n,N), where n is the dimension of the complex vector space.

What is Chern insulator?

A Chern insulator is 2-dimensional insulator with broken time-reversal symmetry. (If you have for example a 2-dimensional insulator with time-reversal symmetry it can exhibit a Quantum Spin Hall phase). The topological invariant of such a system is called the Chern number and this gives the number of edge states.

What is Chern number in physics?

Chern number in a photonic system is defined on the dispersion bands in wave-vector space. For a two-dimensional (2D) periodic system, the Chern number is the integration of the Berry curvature over the first Brillouin zone.

How do you calculate Berry curvature?

Berry curvature Two useful formula: Bj=ϵjkl∂kAl=−Imϵjkl∂k⟨n|∂ln⟩=−Imϵjkl⟨∂kn|∂ln⟩, that is B(n)=−Im∑n′≠n⟨∇n|n′⟩×⟨n′|∇n⟩.

How are Chern classes calculated?

For Chern class, we have this formula c(E⊕F)=c(E)c(F), where E and F are complex vector bundle over a manifold M. c(E)=1+c1(E)+⋯ is the total chern class of E.

What is the relationship between quantum Hall effect and quantum spin Hall?

Quantum spin Hall effect is a spin version of quantum Hall effect. A quantum spin Hall system possesses a pair of helical edge states, in which an electric current can induce a transverse spin current or a spin accumulation near the system boundary. It is also called two-dimensional topological insulator.

How is the quantum Hall effect measured?

The QHE is also measured by sweeping the magnetic field (B) at fixed carrier densities (Vbg). Fig. 13A upper (lower) shows Rxy (Rxx) measured vs B at T = 0.35 K in sample A for various Vbg’s.

How do you measure the phase of a berry?

Then the Berry phase can be measured through the interference signal between the original and the adiabatically evolved spins. (ii) Dynamical (right panel). In this setup one changes an external parameter hx linearly in time with some velocity vx and measures the response of the magnetization my(vx).