What cells produce IL-33?
What cells produce IL-33?
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a recently described cytokine that is secreted by damaged epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, and potently activates helper T type 2 (Th2) immune responses, which have been suggested to play a major role in IgG4 production of IgG4-RD.
How is IL-33 released?
These findings suggest that IL-33 can be released by different types of cells from the duodenal mucosa, particularly by infiltrating mononuclear cells, like B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Endothelial and epithelial cells can also act as a source of IL-33 in the extracellular space upon activation.
What cells make IL33?
IL-33 is predominantly expressed by tissue cell types, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells (9–11). IL-33 expression can be induced in immune cells, such as mast cells and dendritic cells (DCs), in inflammatory conditions (12–14).
What are DAMPs in immunology?
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous danger molecules that are released from damaged or dying cells and activate the innate immune system by interacting with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Although DAMPs contribute to the host’s defense, they promote pathological inflammatory responses.
Which cytokines are anti inflammatory?
Major anti-inflammatory cytokines include interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, and IL-13. Leukemia inhibitory factor, interferon-alpha, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β are categorized as either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory cytokines, under various circumstances.
What is the difference between PAMPs and DAMPs?
One well-known PAMP is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is found on the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. DAMPs are derived from host cells including tumor cells, dead or dying cells, or products released from cells in response to signals such as hypoxia.