What is the pathophysiology of hydatidiform mole?
What is the pathophysiology of hydatidiform mole?
Pathophysiology: A complete mole contains no fetal tissue. 90% are 46XX and 10% are 46XY. All chromosomes are of paternal origin. An enucleate egg is fertilized by a haploid sperm, which then duplicates its chromosomes, or the egg is fertilized by 2 sperm.
How will you determine the presence of an H mole from a true and normal pregnancy?
Diagnosis of Hydatidiform Mole A pregnancy test is done. If women have a hydatidiform mole, results are positive, but no fetal movement and no fetal heartbeat are detected. Blood tests to measure the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG—a hormone normally produced early in pregnancy) are done.
Which mechanisms are responsible for abnormal placental development with preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia is the result of a failure of villous trophoblast differentiation, which—on the placental side—ultimately leads to an abnormal release of trophoblast material into the maternal circulation.
What are the two most important risk factors for the development of hydatidiform moles?
For complete hydatidiform moles, two well-established risk factors have emerged: (1) extremes of maternal age; and (2) prior molar pregnancy.
Why is hydatidiform mole called a mole?
It is characterized by the presence of a hydatidiform mole (or hydatid mole, mola hydatidosa). Molar pregnancies are categorized as partial moles or complete moles, with the word mole being used to denote simply a clump of growing tissue, or a growth.
What is the difference between a complete and incomplete hydatidiform mole?
In complete hydatidiform mole, there is no fetal tissue present; in partial hydatiform moles, there is some residual fetal tissue. Both are due to the over-proliferation of chorionic villi.
Why the pregnancy test of a woman with a molar pregnancy is positive?
In a complete molar pregnancy, a sperm fertilises an egg that contains no genetic material. The fertilised egg usually dies at that point but, rarely, it can implant in the womb resulting in an abnormal pregnancy. A partial molar pregnancy occurs when two sperm fertilise an egg.
What tests are used for diagnosing a hydatidiform mole?
Ultrasonography, blood tests to measure human chorionic gonadotropin (which is produced early during pregnancy), and a biopsy are done.
Which mechanism is responsible for abnormal placental development?
Placental dysfunction, triggered by poorly understood mechanisms, which may include genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors, plays an early and primary role in the development of preeclampsia.
What is the difference between eclampsia and preeclampsia?
Preeclampsia and eclampsia are pregnancy-related high blood pressure disorders. Preeclampsia is a sudden spike in blood pressure. Eclampsia is more severe and can include seizures or coma.
Why do molar pregnancies happen?
Molar pregnancies are caused by an imbalance in genetic material (chromosomes) in the pregnancy. This usually occurs when an egg that contains no genetic information is fertilised by a sperm (a complete molar pregnancy), or when a normal egg is fertilised by two sperm (a partial molar pregnancy).
What are the complications of hydatidiform mole?
Complications of molar pregnancy may include: Change to invasive molar disease or choriocarcinoma. Preeclampsia. Thyroid problems.